NOME COMUM: Urso-polar
NOME EM INGLÊS: Polar bear
NOME CIENTÍFICO: Thalarctos maritimus
FILO: Chordata
CLASSE: Mammalia
ORDEM: Carnívora
FAMÍLIA: Ursidae
CARACTERÍSTICAS: Garras não retráveis
ALTURA: cerca de 90 cm - de quatro e medindo na cernelha
PESO: até 700 kg
MATURIDADE SEXUAL: Um urso polar fêmea precisa de 4 anos para chegar à maturidade sexual, enquanto um macho precisa de 6 anos.
REPRODUÇÃO: A reprodução ocorre entre os meses de Abril e Maio no gelo, e os machos e fêmeas encontram-se em locais onde o alimento é abundante. A competição pelas fêmeas é intensa já que esta só se reproduz de 3 em 3 anos, o que implica que existem 3 machos para cada fêmea. Uma fêmea pode ser acompanhada por vários machos, até que o mais forte consegue afastar todos os outros pretendentes, ficando juntos durante uma semana ou mais. Como as fêmeas possuem ovulação induzida, estas precisam de várias cópulas para estimular a produção de óvulos e garantir a fertilização do ovo.
FILHOTES: 2 por cria. Os filhotes nascem entre Novembro e Janeiro, dentro da cova, e só sairão em finais de Março ou Abril. Quando nascem os filhotes pesam entre 454-680 g, medem 30 cm de comprimento e são completamente dependentes da mãe. Os filhotes são amamentados até 30 meses e começam a comer alimentos sólidos assim que a mãe caça a primeira presa (aos 3 ou 4 meses de idade). Devido ao elevado conteúdo lipídico do leite da mãe, os filhotes crescem bastante depressa – aos 8 meses, pesam mais de 45 kg. Durante o período em que permanecem com a mãe, os filhotes aprendem a caçar por observação e, com apenas 1 ano de idade, conseguem caçar com sucesso. Aos 30 meses de idade, as crias são afastadas pela sua mãe ou por machos, pois a fêmea está pronta para acasalar novamente.
PERÍODO DE GESTAÇÃO: Durante os 8 meses de gestação (incluindo um período de implantação atrasada), a fêmea tem que aumentar, pelo menos, 200 kg de peso para que a gravidez prossiga. Entretanto, a fêmea começa a procurar o local ideal para cavar uma toca onde passará os últimos meses de gravidez e onde dará à luz.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO: principalmente, no circo-polar Ártico ou áreas a norte de 82° latitude norte. A sua distribuição a sul depende da quantidade de gelo formado durante o Inverno, podendo ser encontrados na ilha de St. Lawrence, Svalbard ou James Bay, Canadá.
ALIMENTAÇÃO: Os ursos polares alimentam-se principalmente de focas e também de carcassas de belugas, morsas, narvais e baleias. Quando o alimento não está disponível, os ursos polares alimentam-se de veados, pequenos roedores, aves marinhas, patos, peixes, ovos, vegetação, bagas, e lixo humano. Devido a necessidades energéticas, um urso polar necessita ingerir, pelo menos, 2 kg por dia para sobreviver. Assim, uma foca pesando 55 kg chega para 8 dias, sendo tudo aproveitado.
MODO DE CAÇA: A caça passiva é a mais comum, na qual o urso polar espera que uma foca venha à superfície respirar e ataca-a. Um urso polar também caça activamente, quer em terra ou água, especialmente no verão quando as focas permanecem à superfície ou, na primavera, em locais de nascimento. Os machos lutam entre si, não só durante a época reprodutora, mas também quando um urso rouba a comida de outro.
DENTIÇÃO: Os ursos polares têm 42 dentes, usando-os não só na alimentação (para rasgar a comida e não para mastigá-la), mas também durante interacções agressivas.
PREDADORES: Apesar do urso polar adulto não ter predadores naturais, ocasionalmente, um macho mata outro, durante competição por uma fêmea, ou uma fêmea a proteger as suas crias. Por vezes, crias com menos de um ano de idade são presas de machos adultos ou de outros carnívoros, como por exemplo, lobos. Recém-nascidos podem ser canibalizados por mães mal nutridas.
STATUS: O urso polar está ameaçado e sua população diminuindo cada vez mais. O maior predador do Urso polar é o homem. Esse animais têm sido caçados desde há 2500-3000 anos, principalmente como alimento. A caça comercial iniciou-se em 1500 e estava já bem desenvolvida em 1700, mas é em 1950-60 que se dá um pico. Actualmente, a caça está regulamentada no Canadá, Gronelândia e Estados Unidos, e está completamente banida na Noruega e Rússia. Hoje, o urso polar é caçado por populações nativas do Ártico, principalmente, para alimento, roupa, artesanato e venda de peles. Vários ataques a humanos são registados anualmente, em regiões onde o habitat dos humanos e dos ursos polares se encontram, tais como locais de caça, cidades e estações meteorológicas, sendo ursos polares sub adultos e fêmeas com crias aqueles que atacam mais frequentemente. Além do homem, as descargas de óleo de plataformas ou petroleiros são também uma potencial ameaça para os ursos polares. Quando cobertos de óleo, a pelagem destes animais perde a sua capacidade insoladora, além disso, as descargas de óleo contaminam as suas fontes de alimento. Produtos químicos tóxicos estão presentes nos ursos polares afectando a longo-prazo a sua saúde e longevidade. Como topo da cadeia alimentar, é nestes animais que se encontram as mais elevadas concentrações de PCB, DDT e outros químicos. Somente em 1965 é que o urso polar recebeu grande atenção com a realização do primeiro encontro científico. No entanto, foi em 1973 que se realizou o primeiro acordo internacional para a conservação do urso polar e do seu habitat. Um ano antes, os Estados Unidos, sob o “Marine Mammal Protection Act”, proíbe a caça de ursos polares, excepto pelas populações nativas do Alasca. Em 1975, o urso polar foi considerado como ameaçado.
TEMPO DE VIDA : Os ursos polares podem viver até 20-30 anos de idade, mas a maioria não vive mais de 15-18 anos. A idade de um urso polar pode ser verificada pela contagem dos anéis de crescimento nos dentes.
PELAGEM: A pelagem dos ursos polares tem cerca de 2,5-5 cm de profundidade e é composta por uma camada densa e insoladora que é, por sua vez, coberta por uma camada relativamente fina de pêlos brilhantes e claros. O pêlo é oleoso, repelindo a água, e permite ao urso sacudir facilmente a água após natação. Devido à excelente insulação, os ursos polares tendem a sofrer de sobre-aquecimento, pelo que se movem devagar, descansam e nadam bastante. Como cada pêlo reflecte a luz, o urso polar tem uma coloração esbranquiçada que, por oxidação, pode tornar-se amarelada ou mesmo acastanhada. A pelagem do urso polar é substituída anualmente em Maio ou Junho.
AUDIÇÃO: A audição do urso polar é, provavelmente, tão boa como a de um humano, o que quer dizer que pode ouvir sons com frequências entre 0.02 e 20 KHz.
VISÃO: A visão pode ser comparada com a dos humanos, mas possui uma membrana protectora contra a luz ultravioleta.
OLFATO: é bastante desenvolvido e é o mais importante para a detecção de presas, sendo possível detectar uma foca a mais de 32 km de distância
HIBERNAÇÃO: Como a maior parte dos ursos, o urso polar hiberna, mas apenas fêmeas grávidas entram num estado de letargia carnívora, o que significa que os animais acordam facilmente (não é uma profunda hibernação).
O urso polar branco é um animal da calota polar árctica e das costas setentrionais da América e da Eurásia. Apesar do seu grande peso e aparência maciça, ele se move com facilidade. Pode nadar através de um braço de mar, a uma velocidade de quase 50 quilómetros por hora. Corre tão rápido quanto o homem e desliza sobre a neve e o gelo. O urso polar está bem equipado para viver no seu meio ambiente. Seu pé é parcialmente alargado, e isso o ajuda na natação. O pêlo longo e gorduroso isola-o da água e o mantém aquecido. Uma protecção adicional contra o frio é dada pela espessa camada de gordura que se encontra abaixo da pele.
Como a maioria dos ursos, o urso polar vive em pequenos grupos de três ou quatro e nunca em grandes bandos. Machos e fêmeas ficam separados, excepto durante a primavera, estação do acasalamento. Os filhotes nascem no Inverno em uma toca cavada previamente pela fêmea. A toca é coberta com neve e a fêmea entra em um estado semi-sonolência que não é propriamente uma hibernação. O urso polar é um carnívoro que se alimenta de outros mamíferos, aves, salmão, bacalhau, focas e golfinhos.
Está ameaçado de extinção, mas há esforços para protege-lo.
Interests
GLOBAL WARMING
The "Greenhouse Effect" involves the effects of both solar and infrared radiation on Earth. Redrawn from Barnes-Svarney, 1995.
Global warming is an example of global climatic change.
To understand the concept of global warming and make decisions about how to respond to the seemingly contradictory information received from various sources, it is important to distinguish between climate and weather.
Weather applies to short-term changes in properties of the lower atmosphere such as temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, barometric pressure, and wind speed. Climate is the general pattern of weather conditions, seasonal variation, and weather extremes over a long time at least thirty years.
A summer with record high temperatures is not a signal that global warming is occurring. A winter with record cold is not proof that global warming is not occurring. Climate change, especially global climate change, must be determined from global averages of weather conditions collected, averaged, and compared over decades.
Climate Change
Earth's climate has changed dramatically many times in the past and will almost certainly change many times in the future. Twenty thousand years ago, the places where Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Detroit now stand were covered with ice. Scientists do not know what caused the ice to spread or what caused it to retreat. Once the ice began to retreat, it did so very rapidly, completely disappearing in a few thousand years. Only a few remnants, such as the Greenland ice sheet, still exist. If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), and many major seaports and coastlines would be flooded. If the Antarctic ice sheet melted, Earth's oceans would rise by 100 meters (330 feet).
Humans would survive climate changes of this magnitude, but social and political organizations probably would not. Scientists know this because past civilizations have not survived similar climate changes. Around 1000 C. E. , a well-established Norse colony thrived in what is now southern Greenland. The colony had been established during a relatively warm period when the temperatures in the area were 2 to 4 C (4 to 7 F) above average. It vanished almost without trace as the climate returned to normal, an ice sheet moved back over pastures, and the advancing sea ice cut off communications. That small temperature change made the difference between a thriving colony and disaster.
Meltwater filling deep crevasses in the surface of the Columbia Glacier in Alaska.
Earth's climate is still changing. Research strongly indicates that Earth is gradually warming up. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the best estimates are that Earth's temperature has increased by 0.5 C (1.0 F) in the last century, precipitation has increased by 1 percent, and sea level has risen by 2 to 5 centimeters (1.0 to 2.0 inches). This is strong evidence for a small but significant increase in global average temperature. Almost all scientists agree with these facts. However, scientists cannot agree on what causes global warming. Many researchers are convinced the data show unequivocally that global warming is directly related to the increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Others feel the data simply indicate a short-term climatic phenomenon.
The "greenhouse" effect is somewhat misnamed. A greenhouse gets warm on a sunny winter day because the sunlight passes through the glass, warming the plants and other surfaces in the greenhouse. The plants warm the air, but the warm air cannot escape, so the temperature in the greenhouse rises. The planetary greenhouse effect operates a little differently. Infrared radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere and warms the surface of Earth. As the surface warms, it also radiates infrared. However, since the temperature of Earth is much lower than the temperature of the surface of the sun, the infrared radiation emitted by the ground, building, rocks, and plants has a much longer wavelength. Radiation of this longer wavelength cannot pass through the atmosphere, and is absorbed by the air or reflected back to the ground.
A little greenhouse effect is a good thing. If it were not for the greenhouse effect, Earth's average surface temperature would be well below the freezing point of water and life could not exist. The question is, can we have too much of a good thing? Is it possible that rising temperatures on Earth are due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Greenhouse Gases
There are several greenhouse gases. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane (from plant decay and other sources), nitrous oxide (from volcanoes), and ozone. All these gases can also result from human activity. Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels are burned. Methane is emitted from livestock operations and the decomposition of organic waste. Nitrous oxide is emitted by internal combustion engines and by the burning of solid waste. Several synthetic materials are powerful greenhouse gases, including hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.
Of all the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide causes the most concern and is therefore closely monitored. Scientists know that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased steadily since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Most scientists also agree that the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by about 0.5 C (1 F) over the last 100 years. In addition, most scientists now think there is a direct correlation between the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the increase in the global average temperature. What remains uncertain is what will happen in the future and what should be done about it. Although the consensus among scientists is that Earth's temperature will continue to increase over the next 100 years, there is no consensus on the size of the increase. Estimates range from 1 C (2 F) to over 5 C (9 F). A 10 C rise will have little effect and is no cause for alarm. However, a 5 C rise could have disastrous consequences. Sea level could rise by 100 meters (330 feet), deserts could expand dramatically, and precipitation patterns would change in unpredictable ways.
Controversy Over Global Warming
Discussions about global warming have become intensely political, with "conservatives" and "liberals" taking contradictory positions. Two questions related to global warming should be discussed and debated. The first question is whether global warming is occurring and whether humans are causing it. The second question is this "if global warming is occurring and humans are causing it, what should be done about it? This second question is clearly a matter of public policy and political process. Public media, Congress, and other public forums are the appropriate arenas for the debate about this question.
Many national governments and international organizations continue to raise concerns about global warming and the possible link to carbon dioxide emissions. Most countries are firmly committed to strengthening international response to risks of adverse climate change. Since gases emitted into the atmosphere do not recognize political boundaries, this is a legitimate question of international concern. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change currently provides a vehicle for discussion and continuing scientific research into this difficult problem.
Hunting, diet and feeding The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and the one that is most likely to prey on humans as food. It feeds mainly on seals, especially ringed seals that poke holes in the ice to breathe, but will eat anything it can kill: birds, rodents, shellfish, crabs, beluga whales, young walruses, occasionally musk oxen or reindeer, and very occasionally other polar bears. Still, reindeer and musk oxen can easily outrun a polar bear, and polar bears overheat quickly: thus the polar bear subsists almost entirely on live seals and walrus calves, or on the carcasses of dead adult walruses or whales. They are enormously powerful predators, but they rarely kill adult walruses, which are twice the polar bear's weight, although this has been known to happen. Humans and larger bears of their own species are the only predators of polar bears. As a carnivore which feeds largely upon fish-eating carnivores, the polar bear ingests large amounts of vitamin A, which is stored in their livers; in the past, humans have been poisoned by eating the livers of polar bears. Though mostly carnivorous, they sometimes eat berries, roots, and kelp in the late summer. Polar bears are crafty hunters and will wait by the breathing holes of the seals in the ice and wait for them to surface. Sometimes they crawl up to sleeping seals; stopping if the seal wakes; then resuming only to finally leap and catch them. Adult bears mainly eat the skin and blubber, but generally don't eat the organs and muscle. This reduces the need for water as less urea is produced than from a high protein diet. In the winter, when water is hard to find, this helps save energy as well since they need to ingest less snow. They have lowest cholesterol levels when eating many seals, likely because of the plentiful omega-3 fatty acids in the seal blubber.[24] Their cholesterol rises during fasting. Lactating females and young and growing bears will eat entire carcasses, organs and muscle as well, for the higher protein content. Typically the normal adult bear will eat a seal every five days or so when their prey is most plentiful. Polar bear diving in a zoo.Polar bears are excellent swimmers and have been seen in open Arctic waters as far as 60 miles from land. In some cases they spend half their time on ice floes. Their 12 cm (5 in) layer of fat adds buoyancy in addition to insulating them from the cold. Recently, polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey, resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005. Polar bears are enormous, aggressive, curious, and potentially dangerous to humans. Wild polar bears, unlike most other bears, are barely habituated to people and will quickly size up any animal they encounter as potential prey. Like other bear species, they have developed a liking for garbage as a result of human encroachment. For example, the dump in Churchill, Manitoba is frequently scavenged by polar bears, who have been observed eating, among other things, grease and motor oil. Breeding Mother with cub at Svalbard A mother and cubs in Churchill, Canadian Arctic archipelago.The polygamous polar bears mate in the spring (March to May); pairing only lasts for the actual mating with few permanent bonds observed. Testosterone levels increase in the spring for the males and the testicles increase in size.[citation needed] Once fertilized the females ova undergoes a delayed implantation, which takes hold in September or October. The gestation period is between 195 and 265 days (about 8 months) with the cubs born soon after the ova implant in early winter (November to December). The mother digs a two-chambered cave in deep snow for the birth in October after a period of heavily feeding. Usually, two cubs are born, less often one or three; litters of four cubs have been recorded. Like other Ursus bears, the new cubs are tiny, typically 30 cm long and weighing 700 g (a pound and a half), compared to their sometimes 300 kg (660 lb) mothers. The helpless and blind cubs open their eyes after about a month, emerge from the den at about 10 kg (22 lb), are able to walk at 1.5 months, and start eating solid food at 4-5 months. They remain with their mother, learning to hunt and protect themselves against adult males, which sometimes cannibalize cubs. Females nurse their young for up to two and a half years on milk that contains approximately 33% fat, higher than that of any other species of bear and comparable to that of other marine mammals.[8] The bears farther north tend to stay longer with their young, with weather conditions and age of the female affect this time as well. Sexual maturity is reached at 3-4 years. Adult polar bears are known to live over 30 years in captivity with average around 25. In the wild this is likely much shorter. Polar bears do not hibernate, though lactating females go into dormancy during denning. The female can control urea cycling so she can endure a long fast during this time[citation needed]; they often go without eating for a period of nine months and rely on stored body fat (also known as blubber) to keep themselves and their cubs alive. Once the cubs mature they go their separate ways. The 2004 National Geographic study found no cases of cubs being born as triplets, a common event in the 1970s, and that only one in twenty cubs were weaned at eighteen months, as opposed to half of cubs three decades earlier. In Alaska, the United States Geological Survey reports that 42 percent of cubs now reach 12 months of age, down from 65 percent 15 years ago.[27] In other words, less than two of every three cubs that survived 15 years ago are now making it past their first year. Conservation status First polar bear shot in the S. A. Andr??????e's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897.The population of 20,000-25,000 polar bears has been shrinking. On the west coast of Hudson Bay in Canada, for example, there were an estimated 1200 polar bears in 1987, and 950 in 2007. In February 2005 the environmental group, Center for Biological Diversity, with support from American senator Joe Lieberman, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), part of the Department of the Interior to use the Endangered Species Act and list the bears as a threatened species. Under United States law the FWS was required to respond to the petition within 90 days, but in October 2005 after no reply had been received the Center for Biological Diversity threatened to sue the United States Government. On 14 December 2006 the Center for Biological Diversity along with Greenpeace and the Natural Resources Defense Council filed a lawsuit in California. On December 27, 2006, the United States Department of the Interior in agreement with the three groups proposed that polar bears be added to the endangered species list, the first change of this type to be attributed to global warming. It will take up to a year to make the final determination. The Natural Resources Defense Council contends that though it is "a big step forward" the proposal fails to identify global warming pollution as the cause of rising Arctic temperatures and vanishing sea ice. In addition, it says the proposal offered by Dr. Rosa Meehan, Supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, does not designate any of the land discussed as the kind of habitat that is essential for the polar bear's survival as "critical habitat" that could help the bear recover. The World Conservation Union had already given polar bears threatened status in May 2006. There are claims, however, that the local population of polar bears is actually increasing in some areas, especially where seal hunting has been banned. These claims are based on an ongoing survey of the bear population in the Davis Strait by Mitch Taylor, which may confirm local Inuit reports of an increase of polar bears they have seen in the area. However, this Nunavut government funded Taylor study has critics that say the Inuit in this area wish the bears to remain in unprotected status so they can continue to hunt them. Polar bear experts have also stated this is irrelevant to the greater situation, as the seal hunting in this area has been banned, thereby greatly increasing the food supply of the bear and reducing bear/seal hunters' presence, plus it is a limited area.The US FWS has actually stated, that in that area there is not sufficient evidence to make accurate estimates of polar bear population changes. Threats natural and unnatural Tourists watching Polar Bears from a "tundra buggy" near Churchill, ManitobaThe most immediate and topically recognized threat to the polar bear is the drastic changes taking place in their natural habitat, which is literally melting away due to global warming.The United States Geological Survey, for example, in November 2006, stated that the loss of sea ice in the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea has lead to a higher death rate for polar bear cubs. There is also some concern over pollution in addition to the normal natural problems the bears might face. Reduced cub survival has been reported in connection with PCBs, as well as reports of organochlorines affecting the endocrine system and immune systems with lower immunoglobulin G seen with increasing PCB levels.The lipophilic PCBs are considered a serious threat to marine mammals generally and to their food web, quickly concentrating into fat and blubber. These and related compounds are known in mammals (including humans) to cause such things as abortion, still births, alteration of the menstrual cycle, poor growth and survival of young, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and even outright lethality. Other classes of organohalogens have been found in polar bears, such as PCDDs, PCDFs, TCPMe and TCPMeOH. Hermaphroditic polar bears have now been observed in less pristine areas.
olaa!aceitei o teu pedido com imenso carinho,era bom k cada um dos amigos aki do hi5 e não só pudessemos contribuir para k o sere humano parasse e pensasse um pouco no mal k esta a fazer a todas as especies incluindo a ele mesmo ,com muita pena minha é um sere muito egoista....pode ser k ainda se salve alguma especie!!!VAMOS PENSAR POSITIVO!!!!BOM FIM SEMANA URSO BRANCO :)))
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